《影像性暴力經驗調查報告》 Survey Report on Image-Based Sexual Violence
關注婦女性暴力協會於2019年展開「偷拍+未經同意散佈私密影像經驗問卷調查」（調查），收集公眾的「影像性暴力」經歷。這類的性暴力行為包括：未經同意下拍攝性私密影像、未經同意下散佈、分享、售賣性私密影像；要脅、恐嚇、勒索散佈性私密影像；以及，將當事人的樣子移花接木至色情影像。
本次調以查問卷調查和深入訪談作爲研究方法，研究對象是過去三年内曾遭遇影像性暴力的公眾人士。問卷收集到206個有效回應；另外，我們和通過問卷接觸到11位受害人進行深入訪談，也有和1位社福機構同工進行訪談。
是次研究的目標包括：收集描述公眾遭遇不同類別的影像性暴力的普遍程度之數據；收集描述公眾遇到的影像性暴力形態之數據，包括常見的發生地點或空間、侵犯者身份；探討公眾遭遇影像性暴力的具體處境和感受、對他/她們的影響；探討影像性暴力受害人面對暴力時的反應、採取的行動和原因；以及，就著社會如何減少及預防影像性暴力、減低對受害人的傷害，提出具體建議。
根據問卷調查的結果，受訪者的影像性暴力經驗中，最普遍是偷拍，其餘的依次是：偷窺、被威脅或勒索、被散佈私密影像、被盜取私密影像、發現隱藏鏡頭和移花接木。大部分的受害人的年齡介乎24歲或以下；最常見的發生地點是交通工具、街道、通訊應用程式、家居；侵犯者最多是陌生人，其次是伴侶和朋友。大部分人經歷了影像性暴力後感到憤怒、驚慌、擔心，值得留意的是，有受害人表示曾想過自殺或曾經自殺。關於面對影像性暴力的反應，大部分人表示不知如何反應、假裝若無其事、離開該地方，相對較少人表示有報警、向身邊的人求助、向社會服務機構求助和通知負責職員/人士。對於從未向他人求助或提及的人而言，最常見的原因是：怕麻煩或不想把事情搞大、覺得求助沒用、不知道如何反應、憂慮別人認為自己小題大作。在曾經求助的受害人中，有受害者報警，然而，結果遭受拒絕落案的佔多數，常見的拒絕原因包括證據不足、無法例、案情不嚴重。關於減少影響性暴力的建議，最多人認為設立針對影像性暴力的特定法例。
根據個人訪談的結果，受訪者認為影像性暴力的行爲是漠視或違背自己的意願，令自己的性自主權受損。影像性暴力對他/她們帶來的傷害持續很長的時間，影像被散佈的後果對他/她們而言更是難以逆轉。有受訪者除了被人散佈私密影像到網絡，同時遭侵犯者公開自己的私人資訊、及後被陌生網友騷擾，有受訪者則同時遭受網絡欺凌，這些網絡現象進一步加劇了對當事人的傷害。面對深遠的傷害，受訪者卻抗拒向他人透露自己的經歷或求助，認為別人會責備自己而不敢出聲。有受訪者嘗試報警，卻遭警察以錯誤的準則判斷是否落案，最終案件不被受理。加上警察對影像性暴力缺乏認識，現行的司法程序增加了受害人求助的困難。
就著社會如何減少及預防影像性暴力、減低對受害人的傷害，報告提出以下建議：一、推行法例改革：設立針對影像性暴力的特定法例，傳遞行爲的嚴重性；二、加強公眾教育：教育公眾不要成為侵犯者；三、加強公眾教育：強調旁觀者在減少影像性暴力的責任；四、建議網絡平台負責人訂立相關的使用政策和檢舉機制；五、為警察提供有關親密關係暴力及影像性暴力的培訓。
The Association Concerning Sexual Violence Against Women (the Association) launched the survey 'Taking and Distributing Intimate Images Without Consent' in 2019 to collect the public's experiences in 'Image-Based Sexual Violence (IBSV)'. These experiences include: taking intimate images without consent; distributing, sharing, circulating and selling intimate images without consent; threatening or extorting to distribute intimate images; and creating fake pornography.
The research is comprised of a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population is people who have experienced any kind(s) of IBSV in the past 3 years. A total of 206 people have filled in the questionnaire. Through the questionnaire, we got in touch with 11 victims and conducted in-depth interviews with them. We also conducted an in-depth interview with 1 co-worker of social welfare organization.
The research aims to delineate the prevalence of different kinds of IBSV encountered by the public; to collect the data of the forms of IBSV experienced by the public, including the common places of occurrence and identities of the perpetrators; to study victims' situations and feelings when facing IBSV and the impacts of IBSV on them; to study victims' responses and actions taken when facing IBSV and the reasons; and, to give concrete recommendations on reducing and preventing IBSV from happening and minimising the harms brought to victims.
According to the key findings of the questionnaire, non-consensual taking of intimate images was the most common form of IBSV. It is then respectively followed by voyeurism, threats or extortion, distribution of intimate images without consent, theft of intimate images, discovery of hidden cameras, and creation of fake pornography. Most respondents were aged 24 or below. The most common places of occurrence were public transports, streets, mobile messaging apps and homes. Most perpetrators were strangers, partners and friends of victims. Most respondents felt angry, frightened and worried, while some disclosed that they have thought to commit suicide or had committed suicide, which is noteworthy. When facing IBSV, most respondents revealed that they did not know how to react, pretended that nothing had happened and left the place; relatively fewer respondents have reported the case to the police, sought help from people around them, sought help from social service organizations or notified the staff. As for the respondents who never sought help from or mentioned to others, the common reasons are 'don't want to make trouble or make things worse', 'deemed help-seeking to be useless', 'don't know how to respond' and 'afraid of blaming of hypersensitivity from others'. For respondents who had reported the case to the police, the majority of them were rejected. The common reasons of rejection include insufficiency of evidence, lack of laws and the police deeming the case to be not serious. For recommendations on reducing IBSV, most respondents agreed to have specific legislation.
According to the key findings of individual in-depth interviews, the respondents felt violated in terms of sexual autonomy from the perpetrator's behaviours that disregarded or violated their will. IBSV brought continuous impacts that lasted for long time. It brought irreversible consequences for respondents whose intimate images were distributed on the internet. Apart from intimate images being distributed on the internet, some respondents experienced doxing while some experienced cyber bullying, which aggravated the harms. Regarding the far-reaching harm, the respondents refused to disclose their experiences or ask for help, worrying that others would blame themselves. A respondent tried to report to the police, but the police judged whether the case should be filed based on wrong criteria, and the case was ultimately rejected. Coupled with the police's lack of knowledge on handling IBSV cases, current judicial structures have increased the difficulty for victims to seek help.
The report makes the following recommendations on how society can reduce and prevent IBSV and harms to victims: first, to establish specific sexual offences in Hong Kong to tackle different forms of IBSV; second, to strengthen public education which teaches people not to commit IBVS; third, to strengthen public education which stresses the responsibilities of bystanders in reducing IBSV; fourth, internet platform providers to establish users' guide and removal mechanisms regarding non-consensual distribution of intimate images; fifth, to provide training on intimate partner violence and IBSV for law enforcement agencies.